- Table of Contents
Turkey is a Eurasian country stretching from the Balkan region in Southeast Europe across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia. Turkey is bordered by eight countries, to the north by Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece and the Black Sea. To the east by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran, to the south by Iraq, Syria and the Mediterranean Sea and to the west by the Mediterranean Sea and Greece. Turkey has a total surface of 783,562 square kilometers and a population of approximately 74.7 million (2011 est.). Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic that has become increasingly integrated with the Western World. Turkey is a member of several organizations, such as the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD and the G-20. In 2005, it has begun negotiations for a full membership of the EU. Being situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Turkey is a country of significant geographical importance. With regard to the natural gas world, Turkey’s location makes it a critical partner in the eventual importing of gas volumes from the Caspian region and the Middle East into Europe. In 2009, Turkey consumed 104.80 toe of primary energy. With a relatively small national production, Turkey imported most of the natural gas it consumed both via pipeline as well as via LNG. Turkey has a natural gas supply per capita of 0.431 toe. [1], [2]
| Basic Gas Facts | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gas reserves (bcm) | .. | 9 | 8 | 6 | 6 |
| Gas production (mcm) | 905 | 893 | 1017 | 684 | 674 |
| Gas consumption (mcm) | 31183 | 36599 | 36645 | 35115 | 38119 |
| Gas imports (mcm) | 30219 | 35832 | 37153 | 35856 | 38037 |
| imports pipeline (mcm) | 24910 | 30064 | 31655 | 29685 | 29862 |
| imports LNG (mcm) | 5309 | 5768 | 5498 | 6171 | 8175 |
| import dependency (%)* | .. | 97.82% | 100.2% | 100.09% | 98.08% |
| Gas exports (mcm) | .. | 31 | 435 | 708 | 649 |
| Natural gas supply per capita (toe) | 0.374 | 0.433 | 0.425 | 0.402 | 0.431 |
| Technically recoverable shale gas resources (bcm) | .. | .. | .. | 424.8 | .. |
| Coal Bed Methane reserves (bcm)** | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3000 |
| c = confidential; - = nill; ..= not available * Imports dependency of natural gas = (imports - exports) / consumption **Proven & Probable (2P); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Coalbed Methane Outreach Program Sources: IEA Natural Gas Information 2011, Global Methane Initiative, US Energy Information Administration | |||||
| Basic Energy Facts | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Energy Consumption (mtoe) | 93.03 | 100.01 | 98.5 | 97.66 | 104.8 |
| CO2 Emissions, energy-related (Mt) | .. | 265 | 263.53 | 256.31 | .. |
| CO2 intensity, energy-related (tCO2/toe) | .. | 2.65 | 2.68 | 2.62 | .. |
| Energy consumption per capita (toe/cap) | 1.39 | 1.48 | 1.43 | .. | .. |
| CO2 per capita, energy-related (tCO2/cap) | .. | 3.59 | 3.71 | 3.57 | .. |
| c = confidential; - = nill; ..= not available Sources: IEA Natural Gas Information 2011 & EIA International Energy Statistics | |||||
Turkey has significant unconventional resources. Total coalbed methane resources are estimated to be 3,000 bcm. Especially the coalbed methane from the Zonguldak region could play an important role in Turkey’s future energy economy. [1] Next to coalbed methane, Turkey also possesses some shale gas reserves. Total shale gas reserves are estimated to be 425 bcm. [2]
- 1. Global Methane Initiative/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Coal Mine Methane Country Profiles 2010
- 2. EIA Analysis & Projections - World Shale Gas Resources 2011
This section explores total primary energy consumption and gas demand by sector for Turkey.
In 2010, Turkey’s TPEC amounted to 104.80 mtoe, a 7.3% increase compared to 2009, when TPES yielded 97.67 mtoe. Oil accounted for 28.63 mtoe while coal and gas accounted for 33.36 mtoe and 31.38 mtoe respectively. Other sectors, accounted for 11.43 mtoe. [1]
In 2010 Turkey consumed a total of 38,119 mcm of natural gas, an 8.6% increase compared to 2009 when total natural gas consumption amounted to 35,115 mcm. Consumption in 2009 was approximately 4% lower compared to 2008, when natural gas consumption yielded 36,645 mcm. Of total natural gas consumption in 2009, 19,881 mcm were used for transformation and 1,568 for the industry while 7,889 mcm were consumed by other sectors.[1] Transformation includes the generation of electricity, while the demand from the ‘Energy Sector’ refers to gas used for the extraction of coal, oil, and gas and gas used in refineries, coke ovens and gas works.
This section deals with gas reserves and gas imports.
Turkey holds a limited amount of natural gas reserves, estimated by IEA for the end of 2010 to around 6 bcm. The reserves-to-production ratio* for Turkey is 8.9 years.[1]
*Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio – If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate.
| By country of origin (in mcm) | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | %Total 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | .. | 1258 | 4580 | 4960 | 4521 | 11.89% |
| Iran | 5594 | 6054 | 4113 | 5252 | 7766 | 20.42% |
| Russia | 19316 | 22752 | 22962 | 19473 | 17575 | 46.21% |
| Algeria | 4130 | 4205 | 4148 | 4487 | 3907 | 10.27% |
| Egypt | - | - | - | - | 270 | 0.71% |
| Nigeria | 1100 | 1396 | 1017 | 903 | 1189 | 3.13% |
| Qatar | - | - | - | - | 1845 | 4.85% |
| Trinidad & Tobago | - | - | - | - | 240 | 0.63% |
| Other | 76 | 1425 | 333 | 781 | 724 | 1.90% |
| Total | 30219 | 35832 | 37153 | 35856 | 38037 | 100% |
| %Total Consumption | 96.91% | 97.90% | 101.39% | 102.11% | 99.78% | - |
| c = confidential; - = nill; ..= not available Source: Natural gas information 2011 & OECD/IEA, 2011 | ||||||
| By transport type (in mcm) | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | %Total 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pipeline imports | 24910 | 30064 | 31655 | 29685 | 29862 | 79% |
| LNG imports | 5309 | 5768 | 5498 | 6171 | 8175 | 21% |
| Total | 30219 | 35832 | 37153 | 35856 | 38037 | 100% |
| c = confidential; - = nill; ..= not available Source: Natural gas information 2011 & OECD/IEA, 2011 | ||||||
In 2010, Turkey imported 38,037 mcm of natural gas. The largest amount was supplied by Russia (17575 mcm). Turkey imports natural gas both via pipelines and LNG. The share of pipeline imports was 79% against 21% for LNG in 2010. The most important supplier of natural gas in 2010 was Russia. [1]
This section deals with the gas grid, LNG terminals and storage facilities.
Pipelines Turkey’s main TSO is BOTAS. At the end of 2010, the length of BOTAS’ natural gas pipelines reached 11,593 km, and the number of the cities that they supply with natural gas increased to 67. Major gas pipelines in Turkey include: Russian Federation-Turkey Natural Gas Main Transmission Line (845 km long, enters Turkey at the Bulgarian border (Malkoclar) and goes to Ankara), Eastern Anatolla Natural Gas Main Transmission Line (1491 km long, starts at Dogubayazit and branches to Ankara and Seydisehir), Southern Natural Gas Transmission Line (716 km long from Sivas to Mersin), Konya –Izmir Natural Gas Transmission Line (865 km long; 3 segments: 258 km of pipeline between Konya-Izmir, 363 km of pipeline between Isparta and Nazilli and 244 km of pipeline between Nazilli and Izmir) and the Russian Federation-Black Sea-Turkey Natural Gas Transmission Line (Blue Stream; 1261 km long; 3 segments: 370 km of pipeline on Russian territory, 390 km of pipeline crossing the Black Sea and 501 km of pipeline on Turkish territory. Other gas pipelines include the Eastern Black Sea Region Natural Gas Transmission Line, the Turkey-Greece Natural Gas Pipeline and the Azerbaijan-Turkey Natural Gas Pipeline (Shahdeniz).[1]
At the end of 2010 there were 2 LNG regasification terminals operating in Turkey with an aggregated nominal capacity of 12.2 bcm/year. [1]
| Site | Storage | - | Send-out | - | - | Owner | Operator | TPA | Start-up | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | # Tanks | Storage cap* | #Vaporizers | Max hourly cap** | Nom.cap*** | - | - | - | - | - |
| Marmare Ereglisi | 3 | 255 | 7 | 685 | 6.2 | Botas | Botas | - | 1994 | E |
| Aliaga | 2 | 280 | 5 | 680 | 6 | Egegas | Egegas | - | 2006 | E |
| Ceyhan | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Botas | Botas | .. | .. | P |
| c = confidential; - = nill; ..= not available E = existing; U = under construction; P = proposed TPA: Regulated ( R) - Negotiated (N) - Hybrid (H) - Not Applicable (X) * LNG storage capacity in m3 x1000 in LNG **max. hourly capacity in m3(N)x1000/hour. ***nominal annual capacity in bm3(N)/y. Sources: Gas Infrastructure Europe: LNG 2011 & GIIGNL 2010 | ||||||||||
In June 2010 there were 2 operational storage facilities in Turkey. [1]
| Nr. | Facility name | Operator | Storage Capacity (mcm) | Withdraw | Injection (mcm/day) | TPA | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | - | - | - | (mcm/day) | - | - | - |
| 1 | Marmara Ereglisi | .. | .. | .. | .. | R | LNG Peak shaving |
| 2 | Aksaray | .. | .. | .. | .. | R | Depleted gas field |
| - | Total | - | .. | - | - | - | - |
| TPA: Regulated ( R) - Negotiated (N) - Hybrid (H) - Not Applicable (X) Source: Gas Infrastructure Europe: GSE Storage Map 2011 | |||||||
In addition to the existing storage capacity, there are 3 projected storage facilities in Turkey.[1]
| Nr. | Facility name | Operator | Storage Capacity (mcm) | Withdraw | Injection (mcm/day) | TPA | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | - | - | - | (mcm/day) | - | - | - |
| 1 | Kuzey Marmara | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Depleted gas field / Project |
| 2 | Tuz Gölü | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Depleted gas field / Project |
| 3 | Tarsus | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Depleted gas field / Project |
| Total | - | - | .. | - | - | - | - |
| TPA: Regulated ( R) - Negotiated (N) - Hybrid (H) - Not Applicable (X) Source: Gas Infrastructure Europe: GSE Storage Map 2011 | |||||||
This section deals with the gas market regulation in upstream, the transmission grid and downstream.
In 2007, domestic gas production accounted for about 3% of Turkey’s natural gas consumption. The transmission system is owned and operated by Botas, a 100% state-owned company. [1]
Since 2001, when the Natural Gas Market Law entered into force, natural gas market activities such as import, export, wholesale, production, distribution, transmission and storage all have been unbundled by law. This ended Botas monopoly power in these sectors and since 2009 Botas is restructured into separate legal entities that will handle the import, storage, trade and transmission of natural gas. Except for transmission, all separate business segments will be fully privatised. [1]
In Turkey, EMRA (Energy Market Regulatory Authority) is responsible for a well-functioning market by issuing licenses for regional gas distribution. In 2011, there were 60 distribution companies to provide gas to the cities connected to the gas grid. [1]
Suggest reference
Comments
add comment